The Greatest Good For A Man - 840 Words

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Animal Testing Should Be Banned - 1985 Words

Animals have been used to advance medical science for thousands of years, dating back to the time of ancient Greece, where scientists such as Aristotle and Erasistratus used animals for experimentation, and Galen who is considered to be one of the most important physicians of the ancient Roman empire conducted experiments using animals that advanced the understanding of anatomy, physiology, pathology, and pharmacology (Animal Testing and Medicine 1). An Arab physician by the name of Ibn Zuhr also introduced the idea of animals being used to test experimental surgical procedures before applying them to human patients. Poisoning and severe side effects has resulted from drugs being released to the public without testing, this caused a law to†¦show more content†¦Animals are essential for biomedical research because they are biologically similar to humans, this allows scientists to see how proposed treatments affect the body. Also, some diseases can only be studied in living or ganisms, and the use of humans is unethical and illegal. Biomedical research using animal experimentation has helped to increase the safety of the public against many diseases. In recent history, scientists have been capable of creating treatments against diseases such as polio, smallpox, whooping cough, and measles which affect or have affected a large part of the human population. Scientists also used what they learn through past research to create treatments for diseases that have become epidemics recently, such as Ebola which recently spread across most of Africa. Without the research animals used from animals, epidemics could have been even more devastating on the human population. Animals are used in biomedical research because their basic cell processes are the same as humans. Mice share about ninety eight percent of DNA with a human, which makes them susceptible to the same types of diseases humans are. In addition â€Å" Many basic cell processes are the same in all animal s, and the bodies of animals are like humans in the way that they perform many vital functions such as breathing, digestion, movement, sight, hearing, and reproduction† (Why Animals are Used 1). Because of these similarities, scientists are able to develop and

Dome of the Rock Jeruselam Free Essays

string(186) " seen on the outside of the structure, on the mosaics inside, and the calligraphy around the arcades tell a Muslim story that was meant to show an end to the Christian rule of the area\." 1 Jake Kelly 4/27/2012 Art History 130c Report Dome of the Rock: Jerusalem The Dome of the Rock is in an area surrounded by religious influences and not all these are Islamic. It is located on the Haram al-Sharif in Jerusalem, which has gone through many religious changes. Religious groups have been fighting over this area for thousands of years and the fighting still continues today. We will write a custom essay sample on Dome of the Rock: Jeruselam or any similar topic only for you Order Now Many different groups have inhabited this region, but not many have made the impact as the group responsible for the Dome of the Rock. The most dramatic change came when the Muslims took Jerusalem the Christians. When this historical event happened, the Muslims wanted to get rid of any Christian influence, and the Dome of the Rock reflects this idea. This new ruling group wanted to take the religious focus from every previous Christian piece of architecture and turn it towards the Dome of the Rock. To accomplish the construction of a building that overlooked all over Jerusalem, there needed to be a elevated, flat space. The location of its construction is a plateau above the holy city and is another clue to what the Muslims were trying to accomplish. The Haram had many Christian holy spots located there, including the tomb of Christ and the rotunda above it. The structure we see today, has pro Islam calligraphy on the outside walls as well as the mosaics located inside. This use of calligraphy in art work in the Dome of the Rock is one of the first used in Muslim architecture. They use the calligraphy for Qur’anic versus’ as well as explain their faith to people visiting the Dome. Even though the Muslims were trying to out do the previous 2 religion, Christian influence is seen through the octagonal shape of the structure. Along with the location and calligraphy, the nature theme of the art work inside show the religious shift that was taking place at the time of its creation. In early Islamic art that was used during this period of time, no human art forms are used. This was against Islamic law, and much of the Christian architecture of the region followed completely opposite guidelines with human forms. When the Islamic religion took hold of this egion, they did not integrate the Christian holy structures into a Mosque, but instead used Islamic art and architecture in the building of the Dome of the Rock to show the new Islamic dominance over the existing Christian architecture. â€Å"Tradition-Jewish, Christian and Muslim-holds that Solomon built this Temple, dedicated to the Israelite God Yahweh, in the southeast corner of what is now Jerusalem’s O ld City, on a platform known to the Jews and Christians as the Temple Mount to Muslims as the Haram al-Sharif (the Noble Sanctuary). () (figure 1). The area known to the Muslims as Haram as-Sharif only because of its overlooking presence on the city of Jerusalem, was a very religious cite for the Christian religion that has ideas the Muslims do not agree with. In the Islamic faith, the followers believe Jesus was not the son of God. They believe Jesus was a prophet, but was not the son of God as he claimed during his life on earth. This is the major difference between the two faiths and has caused controversy among members of both religions. The single idea of whether or not Jesus is the son of God has, and will keep these two groups competing for dominance. This competition can be seen through the location the architect chose for the 3 Dome of the Rock. The Omayyad caliph ‘Abd al-Malik chose this position to draw attention from the old â€Å"center of Jerusalem† and the Christian Holy Sepulchre church and the rotunda over the tomb of Jesus, to a new Islamic architectural creation that later was caped with a golden dome. The Dome of the Rock now, dominates the Jerusalem skyline. Al-Malik’s plan worked, but was intended to do much more than just overlook old Christian structures. They wanted nothing to do with these structures and it is reflected by many of the themes chosen for this piece of art. The design, structure, and art are all Islamic art forms intended to show the dominance of the new group over the people who previously dominated the area. â€Å"The Arabs referred to the Church of the Holy Sepulchre by a different name, using a pun in Arabic. In Christian tradition the church is widely known as the Church of the Resurrection-al-Qiyama in Arabic. The Arabs changed its name to al-Qamama- church of the Dung. †()(figure 2). Disrespect to the Christian faith was the intent of this name changing, but other reasons lie below the surface. The new ruling Islamic group changed the name almost as propaganda for the people to see this beautiful church as below the new Islamic architecture. This tactic has been used time and time again throughout art history to draw attention and show dominance of the new ruling religion or group. With all this negativity towards anything Christian, the Dome of the Rock would think to have no such influence. The golden dome is the exact same inner dimensions as the Sepulchre Church and the octagonal structure was first seen in Christian architecture. With the disagreement, the Muslim builders could not deny the Christian building 4 techniques and layout when creating the Dome of the Rock. The structure may be very similar, but that is not what sets it apart from Christian architecture. The art work incorporated with the building tells an Islamic story and shows the shift from tradition Christian art to a completely different style used by the creators. A major shift also occurs with the subject matter incorporated the art. The Christians used many statues and paintings in their religious locations, but the new Islamic group now only used things like nature and calligraphy in all there art. What is seen on the outside of the structure, on the mosaics inside, and the calligraphy around the arcades tell a Muslim story that was meant to show an end to the Christian rule of the area. You read "Dome of the Rock: Jeruselam" in category "Papers" â€Å"It rises atop a tall cylinder of some 98 feet (30m) over the platform. Constructed of wood, it is not gilded but covered with a special alloy containing gold that provides its vaguely golden tone. The cupola is supported by a circular arcade of four piers and sixteen columns flanked by two ambulatories surrounds the cylinder and holds tight, as in a ring. The ambulatories together are 46 feet (14m) deep, and give the whole building a diameter of some 157 feet (48m). It rises to only 36 feet (11m) inside and 43 feet (13m) on the outside, strengthening the impact of the central cylinder with cupola. † () The structure of the Dome of the Rock was not huge like many other Islamic religious structures. Compared with the Mosques and other Islamic holy sites studied in art history, this is very small and shaped different, but still keeps the normal Islamic theme of the time. Islamic holy sites are usually gigantic elaborate buildings on the outside as well as the in, but this is where the Dome is different. The only real elaborate piece to the outside is the golden dome that can be noticed and recognized from far distances. This was a structure made to look like structurally like the existing Christian holy sites. The similarity between structures was intended 5 ot to mimic, but to show that their religion was the truth, through the Islamic art work and calligraphy. The least elaborate section of the building is the outside and has calligraphy that was once with Islamic based mosaics. The gold dome with a plain building is a strategic move that give the structure a very unique quality. The inside of the Dome of the Rock may be more important than the dome itself and what it stood for . There are documents inside the building telling what the calligraphy inside the building can be translated to. This calligraphy is from the Koran and is on the top of the inner and outer octagonal arcades (figure 3). The calligraphy, â€Å"These passages make three points: (1) God is one; He cannot be born or give birth, a basic Muslim position in relationship to the Christians; (2) God’s messenger is Muhammad, who was brought the divine message to mankind and (3) Jesus, the son of Mary, is also a messenger who should be honored and praised because of his virtuous life and because he carried some of the signs of the divine relationship to man. † () The Muslims and Christians are two religions that have many simililarites, but disagree with who was the prophet and if Jesus was the son of god or just a messenger. As stated earlier, these differences have caused controversy between the two groups, which are meant to be brought out by the Qur’anic versus. These messages of one God, Muhammad as the prophet, and Jesus only being a messenger were inserted in the inside art work to set in stone what religion now controlled this area. They wanted to show who now had the power of the area and wanted it to be clear through the art work and calligraphy found on the inner and outer arcades. During the time of the construction, no human forms were used in 6 the art work. This is a reason calligraphy can be seen throughout this Muslim based piece of architecture. Calligraphy is a very important piece to almost and Islamic work and always tells a religious story from the Koran or other religious works. To take this even further, the Islamic people may have been trying to flex their chest a little more by staying away from any type of Christian art forms. Whatever the intent was, the calligraphy on the inner and outer arcades comes directly out of the Koran and puts to rest the old Christian ways of the area. To go along with the Islamic calligraphy on the inside of the Dome of the Rock, the incorporation of nature mosaics shows the shift in art work of the area. The patrons and builders of this great building obvisously wanted nothing to do with the art work of the Christians, and is the reason no blending of art happened between the two at this time. When the Christians dominated the area, portraiture was very popular as well as Christian statues and stained glass portraying holy people was not uncommon. During the time period when the Muslims conquered the Christians, human images were not allowed to be subject matter in and Islamic art. The Islamic people wanted to get rid of the Christian art work that went against their faith and first started with the Dome of the Rock. One similarity between the artwork of these two groups could be the use of glass, but they each used glass in different ways. Instead of stain glass mosaics of people, the Muslim builder used small pieces of glass called tesserae to create much of the mosaics that line the walls of the Dome of the Rock. This took time, but when one sees the inside of this great building, the time taken by these artists to do the mosaics was well worth it. 7 It is easy to enumerate the components: acanthus bowls of several different shapes; scrolls made of calices fitted into one another, occasionally simplified into a single ribbon with jewels and adaptable to almost any space; supporting rods, usually artificial cominations of repeated floral or ornamental elements; trees, among which palm trees can be recognized, and tufts of grass; garlands and single leaves whi ch, especially on the soffits, serve as background for fruits; berries, fruits, and vegetables, among which pomergranets, olives, cherries, dates, grapes, and several kinds of cucumbers can be recognized; full or empty cornucopias of many different forms; vases shells; crescents and stars; an astounding array of insignia associated with royal power, such as crowns or tiaras, and other jewelry of many kinds with no royal association; pairs of wings; and artificial combinations of several of these elements to create imaginative and fantastic compositions† () (figure 4). This quote from a book written by Oleg Grabar tells the type of art work found in and around the dome of the rock. There are absolutely no human forms in any of this art work and is not done this way solely because this was Islamic law. The creators wanted to put a completely Muslim piece of architecture in the Jerusalem skyline to let the people of the city and visitors that this was now an Islamic dominated are a. †¦reasons for the building of this monument include: (1) the portrayal of the triumph of Islam, the Final Revelation, based off the opulent surface decoration throughout the building, especially the jewel-studded mosaics, precious stones, etc. , and the calligraphy of specific Qur’anic versus symbolizing holiness, wealth, and power, and (2) the commemoration of the location of the Prophet Muhammad’s ‘Night Journey’, especially of the ‘rock’ itself on top of which, according to later traditions, the Prophet stood before being led by angel Gabriel to meet God in the second part of the ‘Night Journey’ – the Miraj. † () Jerusalem has always been an area of religious struggle, because of its location and importance to an abundance of religions. There were Jewish strongholds as well as Christians ruling this area way before the Islamic people came into power. The struggle for power has turned the 8 area into something so sought after, that when they gained control, triumph throughout the Islamic faith began. Constructing a great piece of architecture is a tactic used time in time again throughout history to mark a change in time, and these people were trying to do just that. This building was meant to be on top of the hill looking down over the city, to maybe instill pride in people of the area, but much more than the location is put into its creation. The subject matter of the art is that of Islamic wealth and power. These refrences paint the picture of what these new people to the area were all about. They had power, backed by the Islamic law, and enough money to build pieces of architecture like this all over the area. These rulers and wealthy citizens were very good patrons to the arts and is seen through the construction and choices of art work on the inside of the structure. Patrons willing to spend vast amounts of money on art and architecture can be seen throughout the Muslim history. To take this further, the subject matter and location of the building were not the only reasons for its construction. In the first part of the night journey, Prophet Muhammad travelled all the way to Jerusalem, where he met up the angel Gabriel on the rock contained inside the Dome of the Rock. (figure 5). They then travelled to heaven, hell, and to meet God. The Islamic people take this story, as well as many other stories, very seriously and truthfully believe events like this once occurred upon this rock. This type of religious belief system has been seen around the world for centuries, and anything from something in nature or the world and turn into a relic overnight. Patrons, as well as builders did not just pick this area because it over looked the city of Jerusalem, they wanted to use the rock as a piece of art and almost a relic to be worshipped while inside the structure. Christian churches always have some type of relic or piece of art inside the church that can be 9 the center of worship. Many times a priest or holy person will kiss this relic that is usually contained inside the alter of a Christian church. People can walk into the Dome of the Rock and be able to relate a story to the rock and Muhammad much like Christians can with the relics in there churches. This may not be your typical art object or relic used in a church, but because its sacred history this giant rock is the center piece of this beautiful piece of art. The exterior of the Dome of the Rock is almost like night and day when you relate it to the elaborate mosaics and arcades of the interior chamber. This is a building that was made to be seen from far away as someone journeyed into the city. â€Å".. the Dome of the Rock operates as a magnetic entity from afar and breaks down into partial and repetitive elements as one draws near it. () As you approach the city of Jerusalem, towering over the skyline is this magnificent golden dome that appears to be attached to an elaborate building. When one keeps travelling and gets closer to the actual building itself, the gold domed building that once looked elaborate is now ver y plain. â€Å"What distinguishes the Dome of the Rock, however is that the remote impact is the same wherever one becomes aware of its presence, and nowhere does perception of the building require or invite entry, as do, for instance, the funnellike facades of Gothic cathedrals. † () The evidence is really weak on why exactly this non elaborate technique was used on the exterior part of the building and seems very weird of Muslim architecture and art. Usually the entire structure of a holy location would be covered with art to almost draw in the 10 thousands of people a day to pray. Because it was created to be seen far away and dominate the Jerusalem skyline, they did not elaborately create the outside of the structure to be similar to the inside, but instead used a golden dome to draw people in. With this contrast brings curiosity and could have easily been a motive during construction. Even though the outside, bottom section of the building, is very bland when you compare it to the golden dome or the elaborate tesserae mosaics of the interior, many people still put rank it as one of the most beautiful in the world today. The symmetrical technique, octagonal shape, and the art used in the creation of the Dome of the Rock were before their time and are still thought highly of today. With all the Islamic influence as well as the incorporation of some Christian techniques, one would think there was no more room for outside influence. â€Å"Byzantine, Persian, and Arab design and architecture are blended in it to create a magnificent whole. The blending of the three types of art is not surprising for all three people shared in the constrction. †() With all these different influences present during construction, no wonder many attribute this piece of architecture with beauty and uniqueness. The mosque of the rock is extrodinary and beautiful. I have visited many places and beautiful buildings in India, Europe, and other parts of the world, and as far as I can remember. I have not seen as magnificent of a building as the Dome of the rock. The symmetry and the gorgeous blending of colors I have not se en in any other building. † (5) Many people around the world share this same opinion of the incredible building. Everything that went into its construction, make it one of the most unique places to visit in the entire world. 11 The Dome of The Rock in Jerusalem was a building constructed by a group of people that were new to an area and wanted to make a point. These were people of the book, with lives that revolved around following the readings found in the Koran. These religious ideas are seen throughout the entire building. Everything from calligraphy, mosaics, and relics are all geared towards Islamic law and pleasing God or Alah in the Islamic faith. This religious influence was not meant to be just looked at and admired by the Muslim people who now had power of the region. The creators and patrons wanted to give the people a building that towered and naturally looked down upon the Christian architecture that was already there. This group even changed the name of a great Christian church of the region to show who now was in control. The Muslim people of this time and place used Islamic art and architecture in the building of the Dome of the Rock to show there dominance over the group who recently inhabited the region. Figure 1 12 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 13 Figure 5 Bibliography Aref, Aref El. A Brief Guide to The Dome of the Rock and Al-Haram Al-Sharif. Jerusalem: Supreme AWQAF Council, 1959. Print. Bloom, Jonathan M. Early Islamic Art and Architecture. Aldershot [u. a. : Ashgate Variorum, 2002. Print. Grabar, Oleg. The Dome of the Rock. Cambridge, MA: Belknap of Harvard UP, 2006. Print. Nuseibeh, Said, and Oleg Grabar. The Dome of the Rock. New York: Rizzoli, 1996. Print. Shanks, Hershel, and Hershel Shanks. Jerusalem’s Temple Mount: From Solomon to the Golden Dome. New York: Continuum, 2007. Print. I watched a National Geography Video I ordered through the library ——————————————– [ 1 ]. Shanks, Hershel. Jerusalem’s Temple Mount: From Solomon to the Golden Dome. New York: Continuum, 2007. Print. [ 2 ]. Shanks, Hershel. Jerusalem’s Temple Mount: From Solomon to the Golden Dome. New York: Continuum, 2007. Print. [ 3 ]. Nuseibeh, Said, and Oleg Grabar. The Dome of the Rock. New York: Rizzoli, 1996. Print [ 4 ]. Nuseibeh, Said, and Oleg Grabar. The Dome of the Rock. New York: Rizzoli, 1996. Print [ 5 ]. Grabar, Oleg. The Umayyad Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem. Vermont: Ashgate Publishing Company, 2002. Pg. 224 [ 6 ]. M. Anwarul Islam and Zavid F. Al-hammad. The Dome of the Rock: Origin of its Octagonal Plan. http://web. ebscohost. com. ezproxy. wittenberg. edu/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer? sid=b061e92d-24d2-41ec-9e4c-df5ed7fce55d%40sessionmgr15=4=11 [ 7 ]. Shanks, Hershel. Jerusalem’s Temple Mount: From Solomon to the Golden Dome. New York: Continuum, 2007. Print. [ 8 ]. Shanks, Hershel. Jerusalem’s Temple Mount: From Solomon to the Golden Dome. New York: Continuum, 2007. Print. [ 9 ]. Aref, El Aref. A Brief Guide to The Dome of the Rock. Jerusalem: The Supreme Awqaf Council. 1959. How to cite Dome of the Rock: Jeruselam, Papers

Music and how it affects the brain free essay sample

Music and how It affects the brain Without music, life would be a mistake Frederica Nietzsche was a German philologist, philosopher, cultural critic, poet and composer. When we listen to music, It is processed in many different areas of or brain. The extent of the brains Involvement was scarcely imagined until the earlier nineties, when functional brain Imaging becomes possible. In fact, our brains actually respond differently to happy ND sad music.Ambient noise can Improve creativity: It turns out that a moderate noise level Is the sweet spot for creatively. Happy/sad music affects how we see neutral faces: We can usually pick If a piece of music Is particularly happy or sad, but this Isnt Just a subjective Idea that comes from how It makes us feel. Even more than low noise levels, ambient noise apparently gets our creative Juices flowing, and doesnt put us off the way high levels of noise do. We will write a custom essay sample on Music and how it affects the brain or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Our music choices can predict our personality.In a study of couples who spent time getting to know each other, looking at each others top ten favorite songs actually provided fairly reliable predictions as to the listeners personality traits. In conclusion Music can significantly distract us while driving (contrary to common belief), Music training can significantly improve our motor and reasoning skills and Classical music can improve visual attention. So in the same way that exercising makes us happier, its not surprising that music adds significantly to our workout success. Organizing/Chapter questions:What have you noticed about how music affects you? Does one genre of music have a greater affect of your mood than others? Does music have the same affect on children as it does adults? How would life be if there were no music? Work cited Page 8 Surprising Ways Music Affects and Benefits Our Brains The Buffer Blob. Buffer Blob. N. P. , 3 May 2014. Web. 01 May 2014. Landau, Elizabeth. This Is Your Brain on MUSIC. CNN. Cable News Network, 01 Jan. 1970. Web. 03 May 2014. Manes, Elena. the power Of Muss;c TO Affect The Brain. NAP. NAP, n. D. Web. 03 May 2014. Music and how it affects the brain By derricking Concept Statement for Issues That Concern You: Music and how it affects to music, it is processed in many different areas of or brain. The extent of the brains involvement was scarcely imagined until the earlier nineties, when functional brain imaging becomes possible. In fact, our brains actually respond differently to happy and sad music. Ambient noise can improve creativity: It turns out that a moderate noise level is the sweet spot for creativity.

Suicide of Vietnam Veterans Essay Example For Students

Suicide of Vietnam Veterans Essay The deaths that were experienced in Vietnam due to Agent Orange and other jungle diseases have become well known by the general public. However, it is suicide that has resulted in the deaths of over 150,000 Vietnam soldiers during and after the war. An enormous amount of suicides resulted from what most people call protecting our country. The Vietnam War brought more than fifty-eight thousand deaths and is to some one of the darkest battles in United States history. If not killed during the war, many believe any Vietnam veteran would return home great and proud. But this is not the case. Many Vietnam veterans have committed suicide before, during, and after the war. Not only have these men and woman risked their lives for our country, but now, return different people and can not comprehend whether or not to continue their lives. Many people believe we win wars, when in actuality, no one does, especially those who serve in the armed forces (Suicide Wall, 11-10-2000). The Vietnam and other wars have mentally and sometimes physically dismembered many veterans. Another factor that plays a role in a war-related suicide is the addition of many on-site diseases such as defoliants, Agent Orange in particular. We will write a custom essay on Suicide of Vietnam Veterans specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Made up of equal parts N-Butyl Ester 2,4,-D and N-Butyl Ester 2,4,5,-T, Agent Orange made many Vietnam soldiers go insane (Vietnam Veterans, 11-10-2000). This atrocious chemical lead and still today leads to death, deformation, and diabetes. Dr. Joel E. Michalek, who deals with statistics for the air force, was the first to notice a link between Agent Orange and diabetes. But the federal government was not willing . ..to spend millions of dollars on such studies. Dr. Michael Gough, a retired biologist was quoted as saying the conclusion Ive come to is that there is no evidence whatsoever to support any connection between low-level dioxin exposure and any human disease. Some say they will not do research because it is another thing . ..that will be linked to the health complaints of Vietnam veterans (Kolata, A16). There is hope still. In 1996, Clinton ordered disability benefits for Vietnam veterans suffering from prostate cancer and nerve disease associated with Agent Orange. Eventually, the government will fund more and more diseases for those who served in the war and were exposed to the substances. No one really knows for sure what it does, but many diseases have been associated with the deadly defoliant, Agent Orange (Purdum, A17). There have been so many suicides committed by Vietnam veterans; it is now on the most efficient tool of the twenty-first century. Sites have popped up all over the Internet dealing with the men and women who served in the Vietnam War. One site, apparently just on this subject, tells of different information on those committing suicide the most, Vietnam Vets. The site, Suicide Wall, .. .is an attempt to determine how many Vietnam veterans have actually taken their own lives (Suicide Wall, 11-10-2000). An on going study on why and how these suicides take place is continuing everyday. A big controversy is actually how many people did take their lives due to the war. The United States have their statistics, but Australia went in-depth to see an actual amount. The U.S. claims about 58,000 suicides have taken place due to the war. This count is about 20% of all deaths in the Vietnam War, which would be placed in the category of suicide. But Australia believes through the same and other statistics that about 150,000 people committed suicide. That would bring the United States percentage to approximately 50% of a suicide rate. No one could actually ever know how many died due to post-dramatic stress and different defoliants from the Vietnam War, but an ongoing struggle to understand the mishaps of this war seems will be continuing in the years to come. Many veterans served in Vietnam between 1969 and 1973. Many statistics on suicide seemly display the facts of the Vietnam War. The . .ub81dfbd39e09e41d94eda4f18edb0d21 , .ub81dfbd39e09e41d94eda4f18edb0d21 .postImageUrl , .ub81dfbd39e09e41d94eda4f18edb0d21 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub81dfbd39e09e41d94eda4f18edb0d21 , .ub81dfbd39e09e41d94eda4f18edb0d21:hover , .ub81dfbd39e09e41d94eda4f18edb0d21:visited , .ub81dfbd39e09e41d94eda4f18edb0d21:active { border:0!important; } .ub81dfbd39e09e41d94eda4f18edb0d21 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub81dfbd39e09e41d94eda4f18edb0d21 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub81dfbd39e09e41d94eda4f18edb0d21:active , .ub81dfbd39e09e41d94eda4f18edb0d21:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub81dfbd39e09e41d94eda4f18edb0d21 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub81dfbd39e09e41d94eda4f18edb0d21 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub81dfbd39e09e41d94eda4f18edb0d21 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub81dfbd39e09e41d94eda4f18edb0d21 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub81dfbd39e09e41d94eda4f18edb0d21:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub81dfbd39e09e41d94eda4f18edb0d21 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub81dfbd39e09e41d94eda4f18edb0d21 .ub81dfbd39e09e41d94eda4f18edb0d21-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub81dfbd39e09e41d94eda4f18edb0d21:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Media Violence Essay..mortality rate in Vietnam Veterans was 17% higher than for Vietnam-era veterans during the first five years following discharge (Kelley, 1997). Michael Dean served in Vietnam for only two years and nearly never participated in combat. In 1986, he killed his .

Wind Power Process, Advantages and Disadvantages

Wind Power Process, Advantages and Disadvantages Introduction Wind power is a form of renewable natural energy which is generated from wind. Wind has emerged as one of the widely used sources of energy in the modern world, owing to its nature as a virtually inexhaustible source of energy. Wind power simply involves the process of converting wind energy into mechanical or electrical energy using wind turbines.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Wind Power: Process, Advantages and Disadvantages specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Even though the use of wind power has been there for many centuries, it has never gained much popularity across the world compared with other sources of energy such as hydropower and solar energy, which are widely used to generate electricity. This, however, appears to have changed in the current world where the capacity for wind power generation is observed to have risen to as much as 50 percent in a year. As it would be observed, there are some obstacles that have restricted increased use of this reliable source of energy in most parts of the world. One common obstacle here is that wind farms are not just located anywhere, but in regions where large masses of moving air are present. In this regard, some of the most strategic location points of wind farms would be along coastlines or on large tracts of land where there is constant supply of wind. In most cases, it would not be easy for people to devote these strategic areas to wind farms while there are other useful ways of utilizing them. How Wind Power Works Wind power involves the use of turbines, the modern equivalent of windmills, to convert wind energy into a more useful form of energy. The wind exerts force on the turbine blades causing it to propel. This pressure puts the turbine’s shaft into motion, thus causing it to spin at a speed of between 10 and 20 revolutions in a minute. The kinetic energy of the moving air is then turned into mechanical pow er by the rotor shaft. The amount of energy generated from a wind turbine normally depends on a number of factors. These factors include, but are not limited to, the speed of wind, air density, and the overall area covered by the turbine blades. For effective performance, wind turbines require a minimum wind speed of about 12-14 km/h and a maximum of 90 km/h. Strong winds of about 50-60 km/h are enough to generate wind power at full capacity. However, wind turbines must be stopped on levels where wind the speed exceeds 90 km/h to avoid damage.Advertising Looking for research paper on management? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Conversion of Mechanical Power to Electrical Energy Mechanical energy can further be processed into electrical energy using electric generators that are connected to the turbine’s shaft. According to Joselin and others (2007), wind turbines operate just like windmills in almost all aspec ts. The process begins with the wind blowing on the blades of the rotor causing it to spin into revolutions. These revolutions play a significant role in converting the kinetic energy of the wind into mechanical energy. The strength of the revolutions and the direction from which the wind is blowing are then detected by sensors within the turbine’s shaft. The rotor then turns towards the wind direction from where it automatically controls the operations of the turbine. The rotor is usually connected to a generator by the shaft and a gearbox. The generator would spin every time the rotor propels producing mechanical energy. This energy is then converted into electric energy by the generator using an inbuilt electromagnetic field. As the process continues, the electrical energy is carried to a substation using cables, where it is combined to generate a high voltage. The final product of wind power is then transmitted through power lines into transformers. Here, the voltage is r egulated into usable levels, before it is finally released for human consumption. Advantages of Wind Energy The use of wind power as a source of energy is associated with many benefits compared to other sources of energy. Following is a summary of some of the most common advantages of wind energy. Wind Energy is Free, Pure and Renewable One main advantage of wind energy over all the other forms of energy is that it is free, clean and renewable. This pure source of energy comes freely and can be acquired efficiently from just anywhere, since wind is widely distributed everywhere. Wind energy can be generated again and again, provided there is plenty and steady supply of moving air or wind. This has the meaning that, no matter how much wind energy is consumed every time, people will always access the same supply of wind energy in the future. More importantly, unlike conventional power plants that are known to emit a variety of air polluting substances, wind power is a clean, non-pollu ting source of energy.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Wind Power: Process, Advantages and Disadvantages specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Wind plants don’t emit air pollution or green gases, and it is this non-polluting nature that makes them environment-friendly (Jaramillo, Borja Huacuz, 2004). Cost of Production As it would be observed, the production cost of wind energy has dropped steadily in the last one or so decades. The only bigger costs which investors in the energy sector are likely to incur as far as wind power is concerned would be through site preparation, machinery, and installation. Moreover, wind turbines consume a small piece of land which means that the remaining space can be utilized for other useful purposes in life. When combined with other energy alternatives, wind energy can generate adequate energy supply for both domestic and commercial use in the society. Creation of Jobs R anging from the installation of wind turbines to the maintenance of wind farms, wind energy offers many job opportunities for the people. However, a wide range of these opportunities are available for those people who live on hilly areas and around coastal areas where most wind farms are located. Reduction of Fossil Fuel Consumption Wind is a reliable source of energy which can serve as an alternative for petroleum and gas products, among other nonrenewable sources of energy thus helping to control air pollution. More importantly, effective and efficient use of wind energy can reduce human dependence on fossil fuels, and this helps to minimize the potential effects of global warming. Variety of Wind Turbines Wind turbines are produced in a range of types and sizes. What this means is that, many people and businesses can acquire them easily and use them to generate their own mechanical or electric energy without having to incur a lot of expenses (Chen, Guerrero Blaabjerg, 2009). Eco nomical benefits Wind energy resources are usually put up in remote areas where wind is plenty. In that case, they serve as steady and significant revenue generators to rural land owners and the communities inhabiting those economically disadvantaged regions.Advertising Looking for research paper on management? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Moreover, land owners can supplement revenues on land use by other streams obtained through land leasing agreements between them and energy companies. Also, wind farms do play a key role in increasing the tax base for the rural communities. Preservation of Natural Resources Effective use of wind power by communities helps to preserve natural resources and non-renewable sources of energy. For instance, every time we use wind energy as an alternative source of energy, we end up saving a significant amount of coal, which is nonrenewable. In this regard, manufacture of many wind farms across the world would play a significant role in eliminating burning of coal to produce energy. This will not only help to preserve resources, but it will also be an effective way of minimizing air pollution caused by many nonrenewable energy resources. Disadvantages of Wind Power There is a range of disadvantages of wind power and below is a summary of some of the common ones as they are observed from va rious regions across the world, where the idea of wind power has been implemented. Wind Unreliability Factor As it would be observed, the strength of wind is never constant, and therefore cannot be relied upon to generate steady mechanical and electric energy for human and industry consumption. Moreover, the nature of wind will tend to vary with seasons and weather patterns, and this would have the meaning that people will have to go without power sometimes, especially when there are no strong winds to drive the turbines. Environmental Concerns The fact that wind power plants have no pollution effects to the air does not mean that they are 100 percent environment friendly. As a matter of fact, there are some concerns over the aesthetic impacts of wind turbines, the noise produced by rotating rotor blades, and birds being killed by the revolving rotors of the turbines. There have been constant claims from the wildlife department that wind turbines have affected the lifestyles of migr atory birds. More importantly, they have also contributed to high bird mortality in some regions. There have also been claims that, apart from slashing birds to death with the rotors, wind turbines can also cause explosion of bats’ lungs, thus leading to instant deaths of these nocturnal birds. According to Pedersen and Waye (2004), there is also a possibility of high rates of sound and air pollution as wind turbines during the assembling of the turbines. Even though some of these concerns have been resolved using modern technological developments, there are still many environment issues associated with the generation of wind energy in most regions. Supply and Transport Issues Wind is known to be intermittent. This means that, moving air would not be available all the time to generate the required levels of electricity for human consumption. This is actually one of the major challenges associated with wind as a source of energy. Moreover, wind energy cannot be stored for futu re use, and this brings many complications to people who rely on it as their main source of energy. Another common challenge here is that, not all types of winds can be used to meet the average electricity demands. On a further note, perfect wind sites are usually found in remote regions far from urban centers where the demands for electricity are very high. Another possible supply issue linked with wind energy is that, development of wind resources is likely to compete with other land uses which may be more valuable compared with the idea of power generation. Levels of Production/ Energy Density Generally, wind turbines generate less electric energy compared to hydro power stations and other alternative energy sources that are driven by fossil fuels. In this regard, multiple wind turbines will be required in a single wind farm in order to generate a reasonable amount of energy that would bring a significant impact to the communities. Petitions and Protests on Wind Farms Many people in the current world are not used to wind power. This, however, explains the many protests and petitions that are raised to confront any wind farm development plans raised in the modern world, especially in the developing countries, where people are less informed of the diverse benefits associated with this source energy. This strong opposition by environment conservationists and opponents of the wind power idea has been one of the many social issues that have continued to hinder the development of wind energy in most developing countries. Preservation of the Natural Form Large structures such as wind turbines usually don’t give a good picture of a place. As a matter of fact, many people, especially those who have the heart of preserving the environment, would tend to see these unsightly structures as spoilers of the landscape (Asif and Muneer, 2007). For these reasons, they would tend to remain adamant in ensuring that the natural beauty of the landscape is strictly retaine d for the benefits of humans and animals. Cost issues The initial cost for installation of wind turbines and maintenance of the entire wind farm is usually very high. This has continued to serve as a major obstacle in the development of wind power as a reliable alternative to fossil fuels and other sources of energy. National Security Study has revealed wind energy as a threat to national security. It has been observed that wind farm resources penetrate the RADAR coverage, thus confusing the system. This happens as the turbine blades rotate at very high speeds causing holes in the RADAR system. Even though there are ways to mitigate this problem, the damage can turn out being too heavy for the communities by the time it is identified and resolved. Relationship between Wind Power and the Environment Wind power is less pollutant to the environment compared to other renewable and non-renewable energy sources. The extraction, supply and processing of natural gas, coal and fossil fuels t o generate energy is likely to release pollutant substances to the atmosphere, thus bringing serious effects to living things and the environment. Unlike other sources of energy which are known to emit high levels of pollution to the environment, wind power is a pure energy source that can’t be associated with any form of pollution or nuclear waste, since it does not utilize fossil fuel. This, however, does not imply there are no negative environmental impacts that are associated with the generation of wind power. Even though wind is itself a pure source of energy, the process of converting the energy it generates to a useful form would require inclusion of energy which is in form of fossil fuel (Sahin, 2004). Moreover, the construction of wind farms requires removal of massive vegetation covers. One turbine, for instance, is said to require a clearance of about 3 to 5 acres of land. This means that vegetation on a wider area of land will have to be cleared to pave way for la rge scale wind farms. This massive deforestation is likely to bear serious long-term effects on the environment. A good example here is erosion of the soil, which may necessitate other more serious harms to the environment. Also, the constructions of wind farms at high altitudes to enable them gather more wind has come down with its own effects. As a result of this, many turbines have constantly failed owing to icing. This has often resulted to the application of de-icing substances on surfaces of the wind turbines as a way of combating the problem. The de-icing fluid is a compound of ethylene-glycol and propylene-glycol, both of which are toxic chemicals. According to Venkataraman and Elango (1998), the hazardous de-icing fluid is likely to contaminate the environment around the wind turbines, thus creating unfavorable conditions for humans, wildlife, and fish. The other common damage to the environment which may occur as a result of wind energy generation is the destruction of bat and bird populations as discussed in this paper. Based on observations from previous wind power reports, wind turbines practically have adverse impacts on wildlife and birds. Based on these observations, the generation of wind power is not 100 percent friendly to the environment, unlike what many people across the world would tend to presume. The Future of Wind Power Regardless of the numerous disadvantages and environmental impacts associated with wind power, it is still the most preferable alternative of nonrenewable sources of energy in the modern world where plans to adopt renewable sources of energy are rapidly taking shape (Hosansky, 2011). This is evident in countries such as China and the U.S., where the use of wind power is observed to be increasing at an overwhelming rate. Improvements on technological approaches and better generation ways have led to a steady decline of the overall cost of wind power over the last ten years. This, really, is another reason which is likel y to see the use of wind power across the world increase abundantly in the near future. Conclusion As it is observed in this report, wind energy, though a controversial matter when it comes to the extent by which it is friendly to the environment, is still one of the fastest-growing renewable sources of energy across the world. Wind power, just like any other source of energy, comprises of both benefits and disadvantages, all of which seem to have a significant impact on this renewable source of energy. Wind power is not hundred percent friendly to the environment as it is observed in this paper, where a number of arguments have been highlighted to support the claim. However, as a pure, renewable source of energy having minimal effects on the environment, wind power is the most appropriate source of energy that can be used to replace nonrenewable sources of energy such fossil fuel and coal, which are known to have immense impacts on the environment. References Asif, M., Muneer, T. (2007). Energy supply, its demand and security issues for developed and emerging economies. Renewable and Sustainable Energy  Reviews, 11(7), 138-141. Chen, Z., Guerrero, J., Blaabjerg, F. (2009). A review of the state of the art of power electronics for wind turbines. Power Electronics, 24(8), 185-187. Hosansky, D. (2011). Wind Power: Is wind energy good for the environment?  Researcher, 21(13), 281-312. Jaramillo, O., Borja, M., Huacuz, J. (2004). Using hydropower to complement wind energy: a hybrid system to provide firm power. Renewable Energy, 29(11), 188-190. Joselin H., Iniyan, S., Sreevalsan, E., Rajapandian, S. (2007). A review of wind energy technologies. Renewable Sustainable Energy Reviews, 11(6), 111- 114. Pedersen, E., Waye, K. (2004). Perception and annoyance due to wind turbine noise.  The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 17(116), 346-350. Sahin, A. (2004). Progress and recent trends in wind energy. Progress in Energy and  Combustion Science , 30(5), 50-54. Venkataraman, B and Elango, D. (1998). Renewable Energy Sources. Hindustan  College of Engineering, 17(5), 16-19.

Cars Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Cars - Essay Example Gasoline has a much higher energy density than batteries do. For example, it takes about 1,000 pounds of batteries to store as much energy as 1 gallon or 7 pounds of gasoline. As fuel tank is the energy storage device for gasoline engine, the batteries in a hybrid car are the energy storage device for the electric motor. Gasoline in the fuel tank can only power the gasoline engine but the electric motor on a hybrid car can put energy into the batteries as well as take energy from them. The role of transmissions on hybrid cars is same as the transmissions on conventional cars. Some hybrids have conventional transmissions, like the Honda Insight. Other hybrids have different ones, like the Toyota Prius. The simplest forms of self-propelled motorized transportation are electric cars. Its driving mechanism or engine is made up of a succession of batteries attached to an on and off switch that in turn is attached to an electrically operated motor. The wheels are driven by the electric motor, which thereby propel the car into motion. Generally the amount of energy is controlled by a complicated technique that goes into the motor and the gear system and further helps the wheels in a more capable manner. Some electric cars also have solar collectors that convert solar energy into electricity for slow recharge of the batteries. Here question arises: why should you bother with an electric car The... Here question arises: why should you bother with an electric car There are several reasons as its answer. Electric cars offer a curious driving experience with exceptional control as well as quick initial acceleration thanks to their low center of gravity. Even at lower speeds, it's almost continuous torque makes it easy to climb curbs, sharp turns and steep inclines. Further, the fuel cost is increasing regularly; therefore, use of electrically charged cars is an ideal choice. A simple electric car can be built in just two weeks. It is so fascinating and easy. Electric cars can even be built by anyone because these cars are very simple in overall structure. The main components are a simple frame, an electric motor, a car battery, basic wheels and an electric on and off switch. Although, the task requires some extra efforts as well but it becomes quite easy especially for those have a simple blue print, knowledge of electric currents and wiring and the parts to assemble them all together. Did You Know How Vehicle Size Classes Are Defined The size class for cars is based on interior passenger and cargo volumes as described below. The size class for trucks is defined by the gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR), which is the weight of the vehicle and its carrying capacity. Fuel economy regulations do not apply to heavy-duty vehicles, so they are not tested. Cars Class Passenger and Cargo Volume (Cu. Ft) Two-Seaters Any (cars designed to seat only two adults) Sedans Mini-compact Subcompact 85 - 99 Compact 100 - 109 Mid-Size 110 - 119 Large 120 or more Station Wagons Small

Legalization of Marijuana in America Final Drft Essay

Legalization of Marijuana in America Final Drft - Essay Example Lately, discussion and push for legalization of the drug by pro-marijuana activists has intensified to an extent of triggering serious political interests. This has manifested through the recent comment by President Barrack Obama that marijuana is just like cigarette and alcohol with a promise that Federal government will not interfere with marijuana laws established by individual states. Moreover, governors and state legislatures have publicly commented alongside declaring their positions as far the discussion about the legalization of the drug is concerned. Apart from initial introduction of marijuana in America in 1545 by Spanish, marijuana laws began to exist as early as 1920s. Michael and Renee (2003) attribute the wide spread popularity of marijuana in 1920s to the prohibitive laws established during the Prohibition Era. The era saw the outlaw of alcoholic drinks and people had to resort to marijuana that came from widespread hemp plant. The laws restricted the use of recreational marijuana to the jazz musicians who only took the drug when in dance clubs entertaining people. According to Pfeifer (2011), between 1850 and 1942, the government of USA listed marijuana in Pharmacopeia, and prescribed for conditions like nausea, labor pains and rheumatism. During 1850s through to 1930s, marijuana gained popular use as an intoxicant. Another marijuana law called Marijuana Tax Act came into force in 1937 (Hart & Ksir, 2011). The purpose of the law was to levy tax of one dollar on all growers, importers, buyers, sellers, veterans, physicians and any person prescribing it, using commercially or possess it. Failure to adhere to the Act and handling o marijuana without tax stamp of the Treasury Department would attract a fine of up to $2000, five year imprisonment or both (Michael & Renee, 2003). Regulation 1 later inserted in the Marijuana Tax Act required the Bureau of Narcotics and police of the Treasury Department to conduct inspection and monitoring the use,

4. Strategic management- evaluation of the article Coursework - 1

4. Strategic management- evaluation of the article - Coursework Example It will examine the guidelines and also the code of conduct under which the directors or rather the board of directors operates under. It also shows the practices which they undertake in order to ensure the success of the company. This will also give knowledge on how the stakeholders’ diversity can be used in order to create appropriate boards that will promote the activities of the CSR. This involves taking stakeholders with different opinions on different issues that will affect the company and putting them togetherKhan, (2010). Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is a form of governance that is brand new and is mostly used by almost all modern organizations. In the different companies, there are several and different form of governance. They are used to solve several situations in order to have a good outcome and for them to be productive. There is a simple example which states that in case there is an asset that is owned by a particular organization and it is under stake, if the approach chosen to handle the issue is sole ownership, it would be the worst approach to be used by the governors of the organization. The best way to handle such a situation would be that the board of directors take action. The CSR is proving to be a strong and suitable way to solve most of these problems. The boards of directors are very positive towards the strategy. This has improved the performance of many companies. This is also very favourable since it includes and involves the shareholders and even the stakeholders. This has added the strength of the strategy. Most of the parties involved in the stakeholders group are the managers, suppliers, employees and even some outside firms might be counted in. But there are still problems and setbacks with the strategy as compared with other systems of governance. Some of the managers tend to want to exercise control over the other

Benefits of Multiple Intelligences

Benefits of Multiple Intelligences As there is no standard definition of intelligence, it remains one of the most controversial subjects in psychology as well as education. While some researchers suggested that intelligence is a general ability; other believe that it is a combination of various ranges of skills and talents. Based on the theories of seeing intelligence as a general ability, IQ (Intelligence Quotient) tests which evaluate abilities as problem-solving, memory, learning, and pattern recognition have been widely popular in diagnosing learners abilities and potential, especially among young learners. However, some indicated that the tests were disputable and limited, as non-cognitive factors such as emotions also play an important role in peoples lives, which the IQ tests do not include. Also, the IQ tests were unable to reflect on how people learn and acquire knowledge. A successful language learner requires a wide variety of abilities which an IQ test is unable to diagnosis. (Lightbown Spada, 2002) It wa s until the introduction of Multiple Intelligences (MI) by Howard Gardner in 1983 that emotional intelligences were formally acknowledged and intelligences were seen as a range of interconnected abilities and talents (Gardner, 1983). Gardners theories revolutionize the intellectual world, brought new insights into education as MI theories seek to help students identify and develop their strengths; discovering more effective ways of teaching as well as learning. This article gives a brief introduction on the development of intelligence theories and MI theories. Then it focuses on the benefits of MI theories and how it could be accommodated with English language teaching methods. 2 Theories of Intelligence According to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary, the word intelligence means: the ability to learn or understand or to deal with new or trying situations or the ability to apply knowledge to manipulate ones environment or to think abstractly as measured by objective criteria (Retrieved May 18th, 2010, from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/intelligence). Historically, the first people who studied intelligence were neither psychologists nor educators but philosophers such as Plato who linked peoples intelligence to blocks of wax, differing in size and purity (Cianciolo Sternberg, 2004). It was in the early twentieth century that Charles Spearman, a British psychologist proposed the theory of general intelligence (or the g factor) which brought light into modern theories of intelligence. Spearman compared a number of mental aptitude tests and found similarities in the results. Therefore, he concluded that intelligence is a general cognitive ability which could be measured and anal yzed (Spearman, 1904). Later on, the French psychologist Alfred Binet invented the first intelligence test, known as todays IQ (Intelligence Quotient) test (Cianciolo Sternberg, 2004). However, as scholars began to realize that the general intelligence theory emphasized only on cognitive aspects such as problem-solving, the need for a new intelligence emerged. In the 1920s, Edward Thorndike described the term social intelligence as the ability to manage and understand people and to act wisely in human relations (Matthews et al., 2004). Similarly, in 1940, David Wechsler argued that conative non-intelligent factors which contribute strongly to intelligent behavior are essential to success in life and that the intelligence model would not be complete unless such factors are included (Boyatzis, 2007). In 1983, Gardner introduced the theory of Multiple Intelligence which included both Interpersonal intelligence (the ability to understand the inner feelings of other people) and Intrapersonal intelligence (the ability to understand oneself) which deals with emotions (Gardner, 1983). Gardner believed that the general intelligence was unable to fully explain cognitive ability and performance outcomes, and that intelligence is too complicated to be restricted in one concept. 3 The theory of Multiple Intelligences Originally, Gardner identified seven types of intelligence in 1983, which includes: Verbal/linguistic, Logical/mathematical, Musical, Bodily/kinesthetic, Spatial/visual, Interpersonal and Intrapersonal intelligence (Gardner, 1983). The first two have been highly valued in schools; the next three are often associated with arts; and the final two are what Gardner referred to as personal intelligences, dealing with feelings and emotions. An eighth intelligence, naturalistic, was added latter (Gardner, 1999). In Frames of Mind, Gardner pointed out that the traditional intelligence which school systems normally emphasis on is mainly based on a narrow range of verbal/linguistic and logical/mathematical skills. As though such skills are important to an individuals studies and future career; other types of intelligences, especially the personal intelligences are also essential to human development and almost impossible to live without (Gardner, 1983). Good interpersonal skills are of significant value to an enjoyable social life. For many children, the strongest skills lie in the other areas than verbal and logical intelligence, which tend to be frequently neglected according to the traditional intelligence theory. MI theories provide students an opportunity to learn through their strengths, become more successful at learning all subjects and even improving the traditionally highly valued basic skills. According to Gardner, the eight intelligences are separate and independent. Each individual possess a basic set of intelligences which develop at different times to different degrees (Gardner, 1999). However, Gardner also stated that the intelligences are closely related to each other and rarely operate independently. They are used at the same time and tend to complement each other (Gardner, 1983). For example, a dancer requires musical skills to follow the rhythm, but also kinesthetic skills to move properly and interpersonal skills to attract the audience and intrapersonal skills to express her emotions. As the different intelligences are closely connected; when proficiency in one area develops, another area or even the whole constellation of intelligence may be enhanced (Gardner, 1983). Therefore, it is important to encourage students to explore and exercise all of their intelligences. Gardner also emphasized that there is not one intelligence superior than the other; all the intelligences are equally important and essential to an individuals development (Gardner, 1983). Most people tend to neglect kinesthetic intelligence and limit it to athletes. However, many highly professional occupations require people with good kinesthetic skills, such as electronics, mechanics and surgeons. A surgeon must acquire the ability to control his muscles very finely. As Gardner stated, the eight intelligences are amoral; which could be put to constructive or destructive use (Gardner, 1999). Therefore, it is important for teachers to understand MI theories and use it positively in their classes. 4 The benefits of MI theories Though there are certain criticisms concerned on Gardners theory of MI, it received positive response from many educators and has been widely applied to schooling. On first thought, the idea of teaching different intelligences sounds impossible for formal education; teaching one is hard enough already, let alone eight. Gardner responds to this by clarifying that psychology does not necessarily dictate education; it helps to understand its conditions instead (Gardner, 1999). Also, eight types of intelligence could be seen as eight ways of teaching instead of one; which could be more accessible to learners one way or another. On a general basis, MI theories have three benefits: Self-development and formation. MI theories can help students and teachers better understand their abilities. It helps students to build up confidence as it demonstrates how they can use their strengths to address their weaknesses. It motivates students to find where their interest and strength lies and push their abilities further. A broader choice of schooling. All intelligences are required for an individual to live a full life. Therefore, teachers need to attend to all intelligences, not just the ones that the traditional intelligence focuses on. MI theories are suitable for differentiated and individualize learning; providing teachers the potential to develop new and flexible programs which might better meet the learners needs. Teachers could also redesign old courses to suit new requirements (Green Tanner, 2005). A variety of activities could be included in the new curriculum, which would easily motivate and attract learners. MI theories also look into morality. Gardner once considered adding a moral intelligence to the MI theories. But he later came to the conclusion that Morality is a complex concept combined with numerous psychological aspects such as personality, will and character. Therefore it is not an intelligence in itself (Gardner, 1999). But he did not give up on the idea of moral intelligence and stated that we must figure out how intelligence and morality can work together to create a world in which a great variety of people will want to live (Gardner, 1999). Sometimes teachers unconsciously adapt MI theories into their teaching program such as using visual support or playing a song. When they fully understand MI theories and its benefits; it could be more beneficial to them in their teaching process. Therefore, it is essential to include MI theories in teacher education. 5 Accommodating MI theories in ELT MI theories have the potential to be adapted into all teaching methods, although there are three main approaches which collaborate with MI theories constructively. They are the Communicative Language Teaching Approach (CLT), Task-based Learning (TBL) and the SAFER model. The Communicative Language Teaching Approach (CLT) The definition of CLT differs among different people; a narrow interpretation of is that it is a teaching approach used in second or foreign language education which sees communication as the method and the goal of learning a language. Activities in CLT typically involves student making conversations, role-plan and simulation being popular ones (Harmer, 2007). CLT considers learners needs and different requirements just as MI do, also being flexible in nature. CLT is a typical approach which combines different intelligences together. By making conversations, students have the opportunity to practice their verbal and logical skills. When talking to each other, they also practice their interpersonal skills. By asking students to make a conversation regarding a picture or ones own experience, visual and intrapersonal skills could also be developed. Students could also be asked to sing or dance along songs to practice their musical and kinesthetic skills. Task-based Learning (TBL) TBL is a teaching approach of making meaningful tasks the focus of the learning process. It is formed on the assumption that students will naturally acquire the language focused on tasks instead of language forms (Harmer, 2007). Willis (1994) suggested that TBL usually contains three stages: Pre-task, the Task cycle and the Language focus (cited from Harmer, 2007). Like CLT, TBL also frees the students from limited language control. In all three stages students are encouraged to use their own language rather than practicing one pre-selected item. The language explored arises from the students needs which are personalized and relevant to them. They will be exposed to a wide range of phrases, collocations as well as language forms. A TBL class also gives the students plenty of opportunities to communicate, bringing a large variety of enjoyable and motivating activities which could be combined with MI theories into the classroom. The SAFER approach Unlike the previous two, the SAFER approach is less popular and used by teachers. SAFER was proposed by Berman, indicating that this model is an alternative to the traditional ELT classroom pedagogy. Berman stated that the SAFER model incorporated former models such as PPP (Present Practice Produce) and TBL; combining educational kinesiology and Suggestopaedia techniques (Berman, 1998). The steps in SAFER includes: S: Setting the scene A: Authenticity F: Focusing on main features of each intelligence type E: Error correction R: Review (Berman, 1998) Berman believed that the SAFER method could help to create better learning conditions and enhance the learning process through revision. However, his approach is considered quite specified and not widely adapted. But Berman has indeed made a great effort in applying contemporary pedagogical thought to ELT, brining new insights to the application of MI theories. 6 Conclusions Among the two main theories of intelligence: general and multiple intelligence; MI theories have been generally considered more scientific, including non-cognitive factors such as emotions. Gardners MI theories brought new insights into education, helping students to identify and develop their strengths and discovering more effective teaching methods. Gardner stated that all the eight intelligences are equally important and essential to an individuals development. As though the intelligences are separate, they seldom operate independently. Therefore, development in one area often increases the development of another (Gardner, 1983). The intelligences could work positively and negatively, consequently, it is important for teachers to understand MI theories and how to apply it to their teaching methods. MI theories have the potential to be adapted to all teaching methods; although there are three main approaches which collaborate with MI theories constructively. Which are the Communica tive Language Teaching Approach (CLT), Task-based Learning (TBL) and the SAFER model. MI theories are of wide adaptability and flexibility, to use MI theories effectively, teachers should always remain open-minded and creative, prepared to make changes in their teaching methodology.

open fracture of the radius :: essays research papers

Injury report: Open fracture of the Radius. A triathlon involves swimming, running and then biking a set track. A triathlete fell from his bike during training, due to the wet road. He landed awkwardly on his bike. His Radius was broken because he landed with his arm on the handle bars of the bike. The force at which he landed on the handle bars caused his Radius to break and pierce the skin. A cracked bone is called a fracture. Fractures are most likely to occur in the limb bones. (Radius and Ulna; Tibia and Fibula) Fractures are named according to the certain features which separate the different types of fracture. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Closed fracture. The bone is broken but the overlying skin surface is not damaged. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Open fracture. The broken ends of the bone have pierced the surface of the skin. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Compound fracture. The fractured bone has caused other injuries, e.g. the rib may have penetrated the lung. The triathlete has an open fracture of the Radius. (Image 1) As can be seen in the above picture the Radius is a bone in the lower arm, on the same side of the arm as the thumb. As people when falling-outstretch their arms to break their fall-the radius may received several quite heavy blows. This may weaken the joints around the radius and may cause it to dislocate. The triathlete has landed on the side of his radius, and the radius has broken in half and has pierced the skin. This leaves the body vulnerable to infection and obviously isn’t pleasant for the triathlete. Below is an image of the femur and on it is labeled the different types of bone and where they may be found. The white hard bone on the outside is called the compact bone. On the inside of the shaft is the bone marrow. Inside the epipysis is the spongy bone. Surrounding the ends of the bone is cartilage which eases movement between bones. Osteo=Bone. The bone marrow produces red and white blood cells.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Chondrin=Cartilage.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  (Image 2)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Above is a diagram of the structure of a mature bone. It shows what each different part of the bone looks like under a microscope, and where those parts of bone are found. The top of this bone is called the head ( this also applies to the radius) The long, thin part of the bone that gives the bone its length is called the shaft Immediate first aid†¦ When bones are broken (The following must be done in a way that would prevent further injury) the immediate first aid is to†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.

Lou Holtz Convocation

Chase Wells Dr. Donald A. Hoy BA 198 B 2 September 2012 Lou Holtz a Convocation to Remember Lou Holtz: motivational speaker, hall of fame football coach, magician, devout Catholic, and Benedictine supporter. This last week I was blessed with the chance to hear him speak. His speech was based on the idea that by following three rules, you can live a just life with no regrets. Throughout the speech Holtz cracked joke after joke, keeping it constantly interesting.At one point, he even shocked the crowd with a very impressive magic trick. By combining an excellent message with humor, and magic he had the entire crowd’s attention for the full duration of his speech. Holtz’s three rules were: do the right thing, do your best, and show people you care. The three rules seem easy enough to follow, and the motivation to go along with them has inspired me to follow them. Lou was truly passionate about what he preached. He clearly contributed much of his success to these rules.Thro ugh stories of life experience Holtz persuaded, and motivated the crowd. I think every person in the gymnasium left with the knowledge to improve themselves as a person, and the motivation to perhaps do it. Lou Holtz is truly an extraordinary person. He’s a 5’9’’ man that talks with a lisp, and role model for thousands. That in itself is impressive. Not to mention his excellent track record as a football coach, New York Times best selling books, Motivational speaking accomplishments, and more.His life long mission of making not only decisions he can live with, but the right ones has cast him into success. Having never been one to watch college sports I walked into the convocation with little knowledge of who Lou Holtz was, and low expectations for his speech. I walked out stunned, surprised, and impressed. Lou Holtz is an amazing person. His speech gave me knowledge, and motivation to improve my life, and for that I am grateful.

Point of Sales and Inventory System

Communication -from Latin â€Å"communis†, meaning  to share) is the activity of conveying  information  through the exchange of thoughts, messages, or information, as by speech, visuals, signals, writing, or behaviour. Communication requires a sender, a  message, and a recipient, although the receiver need not be present or aware of the sender's intent to communicate at the time of communication; thus communication can occur across vast distances in time and space. Communication requires that the communicating parties share an area of communicative commonality.The communication process is complete once the receiver has understood the message of the sender. Communication is the process where the one person is expressing his or her idea and the other one is listening to the idea being expressed by the one who is talking. That is how you define communication. When this results to have an understanding to both of them, therefore there is already a communication. In other words, when a person is talking, the other person should listen so that he will understand to what the other person is talking about.When a person talks and nobody listens, then there is no communication happening because there is no understanding. The people just heard what the person in front of them is talking but they do not listen to it well that is why they do not understand about the topic. I will give you further examples for you to understand what communication is. Mass Communication -is the academic study of how individuals and entities relay information through  mass media  to large segments of the population at the same time.It is usually understood to relate to  newspaper  and  magazine  publishing,  radio,  television  and  film, as these are used both for disseminating  news  and for  advertising. Mass communication helps provide information, interpret it, create social awareness, and educate the masses. Mass communication research includes m ost of communication media institutions and processes such as diffusion of information, and media effects such as persuasion or manipulation of public opinion. In the United States, for instance, several university  departments were remodelled into schools or colleges of mass communication or â€Å"journalism and mass communication†.Levels of Communication 1) INTRAPERSONAL COMMUNICATION- is language use or thought internal to the communicator. Intrapersonal communication is the active internal involvement of the individual in symbolic processing of messages. The individual becomes his or her own sender and receiver, providing feedback to him or herself in an on-going internal process. It can be useful to envision intrapersonal communication occurring in the mind of the individual in a model which contains a sender, receiver, and feedback loop. 2) INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION-Interpersonal communication  is defined by communication scholars in numerous ways, though most def initions involve participants who are interdependent on one another, have a shared history. Communication channels are the medium chosen to convey the message from sender to receiver. Communication channels can be categorized into two main categories: Direct and Indirect channels of communication. Direct channels  are those that are obvious and can be easily recognized by the receiver. They are also under direct control of the sender. In this category are the verbal and non-verbal channels of communication.Verbal  communication channels are those that use words in some manner, such as written communication or spoken communication. Non-verbal  communication channels are those that do not require silly words, such as certain overt facial expressions, controllable body movements (such as that made by a traffic police to control traffic at an intersection), color (red for danger, green means go etc), sound (sirens, alarms etc. ). Indirect channels  are those channels that are us ually recognized subliminally or subconsciously by the receiver, and not under direct control of the sender.This includes kinesics or body language, that reflects the inner emotions and motivations rather than the actual delivered message. It also includes such vague terms as â€Å"gut feeling†, â€Å"hunches† or â€Å"premonitions†. Channels  means mode of communicating the messages. Participants  is the communicators who are both senders and receivers. Context  refers to the interrelated condition of communication. It consists of such factors as:   Physical Milieu Balance of interpersonal communication 3. ) GROUP COMMUNICATION-  refers to the nature of communication that occurs in groups that are between 3 and 12 individuals.Small group communication generally takes place in a context that mixes interpersonal communication interactions with social clustering. 4. ) PUBLIC COMMUNICATION-  It's at the heart of our economy, society, and politics. Studi os use it to promote their films. Politicians use it to get elected. Businesses use it to burnish their image. Advocates use it to promote social causes. It's a field built on ideas and images, persuasion and information, strategy and tactics. No policy or product can succeed without a smart message targeted to the right audience in creative and innovative ways. Modes of Communication amateurs use a variety of voice, text, image, and data communications modes over radio. Generally new modes can be tested in the amateur radio service, although national regulations may require disclosure of a new mode to permit radio licensing authorities to monitor the transmissions. Encryption, for example, is not generally permitted in the Amateur Radio service except for the special purpose of satellite vehicle control uplinks. The following is a partial list of the modes of communication used, where the mode includes both  modulation  types and operating protocols. History of Communication Da tes back to prehistory, with significant changes in communication technologies (media and appropriate inscription tools) evolving in tandem with shifts in political and economic systems, and by extension, systems of power. [1]  Communication  can range from very subtle processes of exchange, to full  conversations  and  mass communication. Human communication was revolutionized with  speech  approximately 200,000 years ago]. Symbols  were developed about 30,000 years ago,[2]  and writing  about 7,000[On a much shorter scale, there have been major developments in the field of  telecommunication  in the past few centuries. Communication begins with language, the distinctive ability which has made possible the evolution of human society. With language any message, no matter how complex, can be conveyed between people over a limited distance – within a room or place of assembly, or across a short open space. In modern times ‘town criers' hold an annu al contest to discover which of them can shout a comprehensible message over the greatest distance. The world record is less than 100 metres. Already, at that short range, a more practical alternative is to run with the message. Point of Sales and Inventory System Communication -from Latin â€Å"communis†, meaning  to share) is the activity of conveying  information  through the exchange of thoughts, messages, or information, as by speech, visuals, signals, writing, or behaviour. Communication requires a sender, a  message, and a recipient, although the receiver need not be present or aware of the sender's intent to communicate at the time of communication; thus communication can occur across vast distances in time and space. Communication requires that the communicating parties share an area of communicative commonality.The communication process is complete once the receiver has understood the message of the sender. Communication is the process where the one person is expressing his or her idea and the other one is listening to the idea being expressed by the one who is talking. That is how you define communication. When this results to have an understanding to both of them, therefore there is already a communication. In other words, when a person is talking, the other person should listen so that he will understand to what the other person is talking about.When a person talks and nobody listens, then there is no communication happening because there is no understanding. The people just heard what the person in front of them is talking but they do not listen to it well that is why they do not understand about the topic. I will give you further examples for you to understand what communication is. Mass Communication -is the academic study of how individuals and entities relay information through  mass media  to large segments of the population at the same time.It is usually understood to relate to  newspaper  and  magazine  publishing,  radio,  television  and  film, as these are used both for disseminating  news  and for  advertising. Mass communication helps provide information, interpret it, create social awareness, and educate the masses. Mass communication research includes m ost of communication media institutions and processes such as diffusion of information, and media effects such as persuasion or manipulation of public opinion. In the United States, for instance, several university  departments were remodelled into schools or colleges of mass communication or â€Å"journalism and mass communication†.Levels of Communication 1) INTRAPERSONAL COMMUNICATION- is language use or thought internal to the communicator. Intrapersonal communication is the active internal involvement of the individual in symbolic processing of messages. The individual becomes his or her own sender and receiver, providing feedback to him or herself in an on-going internal process. It can be useful to envision intrapersonal communication occurring in the mind of the individual in a model which contains a sender, receiver, and feedback loop. 2) INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION-Interpersonal communication  is defined by communication scholars in numerous ways, though most def initions involve participants who are interdependent on one another, have a shared history. Communication channels are the medium chosen to convey the message from sender to receiver. Communication channels can be categorized into two main categories: Direct and Indirect channels of communication. Direct channels  are those that are obvious and can be easily recognized by the receiver. They are also under direct control of the sender. In this category are the verbal and non-verbal channels of communication.Verbal  communication channels are those that use words in some manner, such as written communication or spoken communication. Non-verbal  communication channels are those that do not require silly words, such as certain overt facial expressions, controllable body movements (such as that made by a traffic police to control traffic at an intersection), color (red for danger, green means go etc), sound (sirens, alarms etc. ). Indirect channels  are those channels that are us ually recognized subliminally or subconsciously by the receiver, and not under direct control of the sender.This includes kinesics or body language, that reflects the inner emotions and motivations rather than the actual delivered message. It also includes such vague terms as â€Å"gut feeling†, â€Å"hunches† or â€Å"premonitions†. Channels  means mode of communicating the messages. Participants  is the communicators who are both senders and receivers. Context  refers to the interrelated condition of communication. It consists of such factors as:   Physical Milieu Balance of interpersonal communication 3. ) GROUP COMMUNICATION-  refers to the nature of communication that occurs in groups that are between 3 and 12 individuals.Small group communication generally takes place in a context that mixes interpersonal communication interactions with social clustering. 4. ) PUBLIC COMMUNICATION-  It's at the heart of our economy, society, and politics. Studi os use it to promote their films. Politicians use it to get elected. Businesses use it to burnish their image. Advocates use it to promote social causes. It's a field built on ideas and images, persuasion and information, strategy and tactics. No policy or product can succeed without a smart message targeted to the right audience in creative and innovative ways. Modes of Communication amateurs use a variety of voice, text, image, and data communications modes over radio. Generally new modes can be tested in the amateur radio service, although national regulations may require disclosure of a new mode to permit radio licensing authorities to monitor the transmissions. Encryption, for example, is not generally permitted in the Amateur Radio service except for the special purpose of satellite vehicle control uplinks. The following is a partial list of the modes of communication used, where the mode includes both  modulation  types and operating protocols. History of Communication Da tes back to prehistory, with significant changes in communication technologies (media and appropriate inscription tools) evolving in tandem with shifts in political and economic systems, and by extension, systems of power. [1]  Communication  can range from very subtle processes of exchange, to full  conversations  and  mass communication. Human communication was revolutionized with  speech  approximately 200,000 years ago]. Symbols  were developed about 30,000 years ago,[2]  and writing  about 7,000[On a much shorter scale, there have been major developments in the field of  telecommunication  in the past few centuries. Communication begins with language, the distinctive ability which has made possible the evolution of human society. With language any message, no matter how complex, can be conveyed between people over a limited distance – within a room or place of assembly, or across a short open space. In modern times ‘town criers' hold an annu al contest to discover which of them can shout a comprehensible message over the greatest distance. The world record is less than 100 metres. Already, at that short range, a more practical alternative is to run with the message.